Update Go image to 1.23

With the release of Go 1.24, scheduled for February 2025, we should update the base Go image from 1.22 to 1.23 in both the Dockerfile and the GitLab CI/CD jobs.

assigned to @eigenwijsje

added Cycle [1/25] label

changed milestone to %1.0-alpha6 — Wondrous Whale

added size:s label

added To Do label

added P3 label

added Doing label and removed To Do label

added ready-for-testing label and removed Doing label

closed

removed ready-for-testing label